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Robert R. McCrae
Robert R. McCrae is a personality psychologist at the National Institute of Aging.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/branches/lpc/rrm.htm )〕 He is associated with the Five Factor Theory of personality. He has spent his career studying the stability of personality across age and culture. Along with Paul Costa, he is a co-author of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. He has served on the editorial boards of many scholarly journals, including the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/psp/edboard-ppid.aspx )〕 the Journal of Research in Personality,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-research-in-personality/editorial-board/ )〕 the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sagepub.com/journals/Journal200947/boards )〕 and the Journal of Individual Differences.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hogrefe.com/periodicals/journal-of-individual-differences/about-the-journal-the-editor/ )〕
The Five Factor Theory takes a biological view of personality. It states “Personality traits are construed as basic tendencies that are rooted in biology and that interact with external influences, including culture, in shaping the skills, habits, tastes, and values of the individual”.〔Hofstede , G., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38(1), 52-88. doi: 10.1177/1069397103259443〕 McCrae believes that personality is a biological trait, first and foremost.
Through his research he found that around the age of 30, neuroticism and extroversion begin to decline, while agreeableness and conscientiousness increase with age. Openness to experience, however, seems to follow a curved shape, peaking around the age of 19.〔McCrae, R. R., Martin, T. A., & Costa, P. T. (2005). Age trends and age norms for the neo personality inventory-3 in adolescents and adults. Assessment,12(4), 363-373. doi: 10.1177/1073191105279724〕 These results, however, apply to people as a whole, this does not apply specifically to each individual. The group as a whole tends to change in these ways throughout the lifetime.
As he studied personality trends and stability in cultures, McCrae found that countries high in neuroticism and low in agreeableness form dimensions of uncertainty avoidance. Countries that are low in extraversion and high in conscientiousness tend to be high in power distance. Cultures high in extraversion predict a high rate of individualism. And, high levels of neuroticism and openness to experience indicate dimensions of masculinity within the culture.〔
==References==
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